有人提问 config.ini中新增加的signature-provider和private key有什么区别，该用哪个？
根据signature-provider的注释(DEPRECATED - Use signature-provider instead) Tuple of [public key, WIF private key] (may specify multiple times) (eosio::producer_plugin)private key将会废弃，被signature-provider替代。
对于两个键值的解析可查看下面producer_plugin.cpp中的plugin_initialize代码。
但是尝试直接将private key中的key替换到signature-provider 提示一下错误

1400500ms thread-0   producer_plugin.cpp:751       start_block          ] Not producing block because I don't have the private key for EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV

根据查看以下代码，分析（结论在最后）

eos_source_dir\plugins\producer_plugin\producer_plugin.cpp

void producer_plugin::plugin_initialize(const boost::program_options::variables_map& options)
{ try {
   my->_options = &options;
   LOAD_VALUE_SET(options, "producer-name", my->_producers, types::account_name)

   if( options.count("private-key") )
   {
      const std::vector<std::string> key_id_to_wif_pair_strings = options["private-key"].as<std::vector<std::string>>();
      for (const std::string& key_id_to_wif_pair_string : key_id_to_wif_pair_strings)
      {
         try {
            auto key_id_to_wif_pair = dejsonify<std::pair<public_key_type, private_key_type>>(key_id_to_wif_pair_string);
            my->_signature_providers[key_id_to_wif_pair.first] = make_key_signature_provider(key_id_to_wif_pair.second);
            auto blanked_privkey = std::string(std::string(key_id_to_wif_pair.second).size(), '*' );
            wlog("\"private-key\" is DEPRECATED, use \"signature-provider=${pub}=KEY:${priv}\"", ("pub",key_id_to_wif_pair.first)("priv", blanked_privkey));
         } catch ( fc::exception& e ) {
            elog("Malformed private key pair");
         }
      }
   }

   if( options.count("signature-provider") ) {
      const std::vector<std::string> key_spec_pairs = options["signature-provider"].as<std::vector<std::string>>();
      for (const auto& key_spec_pair : key_spec_pairs) {
         try {
            auto delim = key_spec_pair.find("=");
            FC_ASSERT(delim != std::string::npos);
            auto pub_key_str = key_spec_pair.substr(0, delim);
            auto spec_str = key_spec_pair.substr(delim + 1);

            auto spec_delim = spec_str.find(":");
            FC_ASSERT(spec_delim != std::string::npos);
            auto spec_type_str = spec_str.substr(0, spec_delim);
            auto spec_data = spec_str.substr(spec_delim + 1);

            auto pubkey = public_key_type(pub_key_str);

            if (spec_type_str == "KEY") {
               my->_signature_providers[pubkey] = make_key_signature_provider(private_key_type(spec_data));
            } else if (spec_type_str == "KEOSD") {
               my->_signature_providers[pubkey] = make_keosd_signature_provider(my, spec_data, pubkey);
            }

         } catch (...) {
            elog("Malformed signature provider: \"${val}\", ignoring!", ("val", key_spec_pair));
         }
      }
   }

producer_plugin_impl::start_block_result producer_plugin_impl::start_block() {
   chain::controller& chain = app().get_plugin<chain_plugin>().chain();
   const auto& hbs = chain.head_block_state();

   //Schedule for the next second's tick regardless of chain state
   // If we would wait less than 50ms (1/10 of block_interval), wait for the whole block interval.
   fc::time_point now = fc::time_point::now();
   fc::time_point base = std::max<fc::time_point>(now, chain.head_block_time());
   int64_t min_time_to_next_block = (config::block_interval_us) - (base.time_since_epoch().count() % (config::block_interval_us) );
   fc::time_point block_time = base + fc::microseconds(min_time_to_next_block);


   if((block_time - now) < fc::microseconds(config::block_interval_us/10) ) {     // we must sleep for at least 50ms
//      ilog("Less than ${t}us to next block time, time_to_next_block_time ${bt}",
//           ("t", config::block_interval_us/10)("bt", block_time));
      block_time += fc::microseconds(config::block_interval_us);
   }

   _pending_block_mode = pending_block_mode::producing;

   // Not our turn
   const auto& scheduled_producer = hbs->get_scheduled_producer(block_time);
   auto currrent_watermark_itr = _producer_watermarks.find(scheduled_producer.producer_name);
   auto signature_provider_itr = _signature_providers.find(scheduled_producer.block_signing_key);
   auto irreversible_block_age = get_irreversible_block_age();

   // If the next block production opportunity is in the present or future, we're synced.
   if( !_production_enabled ) {
      _pending_block_mode = pending_block_mode::speculating;
   } else if( _producers.find(scheduled_producer.producer_name) == _producers.end()) {
      _pending_block_mode = pending_block_mode::speculating;
   } else if (signature_provider_itr == _signature_providers.end()) {
      elog("Not producing block because I don't have the private key for ${scheduled_key}", ("scheduled_key", scheduled_producer.block_signing_key));
      _pending_block_mode = pending_block_mode::speculating;

void producer_plugin::plugin_startup()
{ try {
   if(fc::get_logger_map().find(logger_name) != fc::get_logger_map().end()) {
      _log = fc::get_logger_map()[logger_name];
   }

   ilog("producer plugin:  plugin_startup() begin");

   chain::controller& chain = app().get_plugin<chain_plugin>().chain();
   my->_accepted_block_connection.emplace(chain.accepted_block.connect( [this]( const auto& bsp ){ my->on_block( bsp ); } ));
   my->_irreversible_block_connection.emplace(chain.irreversible_block.connect( [this]( const auto& bsp ){ my->on_irreversible_block( bsp->block ); } ));

   const auto lib_num = chain.last_irreversible_block_num();
   const auto lib = chain.fetch_block_by_number(lib_num);
   if (lib) {
      my->on_irreversible_block(lib);
   } else {
      my->_irreversible_block_time = fc::time_point::maximum();
   }

   if (!my->_producers.empty()) {
      ilog("Launching block production for ${n} producers at ${time}.", ("n", my->_producers.size())("time",fc::time_point::now()));

      if (my->_production_enabled) {
         if (chain.head_block_num() == 0) {
            new_chain_banner(chain);
         }
         //_production_skip_flags |= eosio::chain::skip_undo_history_check;
      }
   }

   my->schedule_production_loop();

eos_source_dir\libraries\chain\block_header_state.cpp

producer_key block_header_state::get_scheduled_producer( block_timestamp_type t )const {
      auto index = t.slot % (active_schedule.producers.size() * config::producer_repetitions);
      index /= config::producer_repetitions;
      return active_schedule.producers[index];
   }

eos_source_dir\libraries\chain\include\eosio\chain\controller.hpp

 void initialize_fork_db() {
      wlog( " Initializing new blockchain with genesis state                  " );
      producer_schedule_type initial_schedule{ 0, {{N(eosio), conf.genesis.initial_key}} };

 class controller {
      public:
         struct config {
            flat_set<account_name>   actor_whitelist;
            flat_set<account_name>   actor_blacklist;
            flat_set<account_name>   contract_whitelist;
            flat_set<account_name>   contract_blacklist;
            flat_set< pair<account_name, action_name> > action_blacklist;
            flat_set<public_key_type> key_blacklist;
            path                     blocks_dir             =  chain::config::default_blocks_dir_name;
            path                     state_dir              =  chain::config::default_state_dir_name;
            uint64_t                 state_size             =  chain::config::default_state_size;
            uint64_t                 reversible_cache_size  =  chain::config::default_reversible_cache_size;
            bool                     read_only              =  false;
            bool                     force_all_checks       =  false;
            bool                     contracts_console      =  false;

            genesis_state            genesis;
            wasm_interface::vm_type  wasm_runtime = chain::config::default_wasm_runtime;
         };

eos_source_dir\libraries\chain\genesis_state.cpp

struct genesis_state {
   genesis_state();

genesis_state::genesis_state() {
   initial_timestamp = fc::time_point::from_iso_string( "2018-06-01T12:00:00" );
   initial_key = fc::variant(eosio_root_key).as<public_key_type>();
}

eos_source_dir\CMakeLists.txt

if ("${EOSIO_ROOT_KEY}" STREQUAL "")
   set(EOSIO_ROOT_KEY "EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV")
endif()

message( STATUS "Using '${EOSIO_ROOT_KEY}' as public key for 'eosio' account" )

结论

对于eosio账户，EOS编译时会从CMakeLists.txt取一个设置的默认公钥作为initial_key缺省值，当nodeos 没有传入--genesis-json参数时，会走默认参数，但此时并没有EOS6MRyAjQq8ud7hVNYcfnVPJqcVpscN5So8BhtHuGYqET5GDW5CV公钥的私钥。所以报错。

解决方式有两种

1. 编译时修改CMakeLists.txt中EOSIO_ROOT_KEY为自己的eosio 公钥
2. nodeos运行时传入--genesis-json 自己的genesis.json路径
   对于自己的genesis.json文件中initial_key修改成与自己的eosio公钥一致

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